People in Organisations Essay Example for Free

Individuals in Organizations Essay Presentation The motivation behind this paper is to characterize the idea of Organizational Behavior and recognize the most significant regions of the subject which extensively sway on authoritative proficiency and viability. These days, because of the quickly changing business condition, seeing authoritative conduct is perceived as one of the most critical parts of all business activities (Robbins and Judge, 2010). As per Financial Times Mastering Management (1997) â€Å"Organisational conduct is one of the most perplexing and maybe least comprehended scholastic components of present day general administration, yet since it concerns the conduct of individuals inside associations it is likewise the most focal its anxiety with individual and gathering examples of conduct makes it a fundamental component in managing the complex social issues hurled in the advanced business world. † This paper centers around two territories of authoritative conduct that are viewed as essential in accomplishing hierarchical viability and productivity, these are: hierarchical structure and the board. Hierarchical structure and the board play a critical and direct job in authoritative conduct. The investigation of associations, their structure and recognizable proof of key patterns in the board and hierarchical conduct are critical in accomplishing authoritative objectives and destinations (Mullins, 2010). Meaning of Organizational Behavior As indicated by Robbins and Judge (2010), â€Å"Organisational conduct is a field of study that explores the effect that people, gatherings and structure have on conduct inside associations, for the reasons for applying such information towards improving organisation’s effectiveness.† Griffin (2011) characterized Organizational Behavior as â€Å"the investigation of hierarchical conduct in authoritative setting, the interface between human conduct and the hierarchical setting and the authoritative itself†. At the end of the day, Organizational Behavior is â€Å"the study and utilization of information about how individuals, as people and gatherings act inside an association. It endeavors to recognize manners by which individuals can act more effectively† (Ahmad et al,â 2008). The idea of Organizational Behavior has been characterized by numerous creators in different writing, Mullins (2008) summed up that â€Å"common meanings of hierarchical conduct are by and large along the lines of the examination and comprehension of individual and gathering conduct, and examples of structure so as to help improve authoritative execution and effectiveness†. Cole (1995) proposed that â€Å"The structures created for work association, their inclination, and the reasons why they are, or ought to be, received to expand their adequacy have an extensive bearing regarding the matter of hierarchical behaviour†. The key components of a hierarchical structure are work specialization, departmentalisation, hierarchy of leadership, range of control, centralisation and formalization (Mullins, 2002). The centrality of hierarchical structure is principally basic for correspondence inside an association and permits the circulation of power. As indicated by Robbins and Coulter (2007), â€Å"organisational structure is a conventional system by which occupation assignments are partitioned, gathered and coordinated†. The idea is added to hierarchical culture, the board style, initiative methodology and it is unequivocally affected by condition, along these lines gives a central system to authoritative productivity and viability (Daft and Armst rong, 2009). Mullins (2005) states that â€Å"Structure is the example of connections among positions in the association and among individuals from the association. Structure makes conceivable the utilization of the procedure of the board and makes the system of request and order through which the exercises of the association can be arranged, composed, coordinated and controlled†. Then again, as per Drucker (1989), plan of association structure is firmly added to hierarchical execution and poor association structure makes powerful execution hard to accomplish. As indicated by Rosenfeld and Wilson (1999), hierarchical viability and productivity will emphatically rely upon right recognizable proof of key components of structure. This includes the procedure of designation of expert in dynamic which basically alludes to the centralisation or decentralization (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2002). Mullins (2005) distinguished the chain of commandâ concept which identifies with the significance of an away from of power and duty inside an association. The system is added to recognizable proof of subordinate connections in a line down from the highest point of the association, in this manner is vital for compelling activity of association. The blend of range of control and levels of leadership set up whether the authoritative structure is level or tall. Graicunas (1937) contend that because of the requirement for improved effectiveness and seriousness, associations move towards level association structures. The creator guarantees that compliment structures add to hierarchical cost investment funds on administrative level, improved interchanges and brought about a less levels between top administration and the base of progression. Hierarchical conduct is worried about individuals in associations, and the executives identifies with accomplish authoritative destinations, and since the achievement of association depends on human information, hierarchical conduct is a principal section of the executives (Mullins, 2002). As per Koontz and Weihrich (1990) â€Å"Management is the way toward planning and keeping up a situation in which people, cooperating in gatherings, proficiently achieve chose aims†. By and large, ‘Management is the way toward accomplishing hierarchical objectives through individuals. The essential piece of the investigation of association and the executives is advancement of the board thinking and assess the executives hypothesis (Ivancevich et al, 1994). Viability and productivity of association is unequivocally added to the executives, along these lines comprehension of basic ideas of the board models and standards is essential (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967). Significant patterns in the improvement of hierarchical conduct and the board hypothesis, in light of four center methodologies: old style (logical administration and organization), human relations, frameworks and possibility (Cole, 1995). As indicated by Berrien (1968) â€Å"An association is a coordinated arrangement of reliant structures and functions†. Diminish Senge (1990) acquainted frameworks approach with the board which was to challenge the logical hypothesis. In spite of the fact that the logical hypothesis dependent on the speculation that an association was a shut framework, frameworks idea is seen as an open framework whichâ emphasise the all out condition of the association (Lutans, 2011). Interestingly, possibility model recommends that none of the old style the board hypotheses is the best in all circumstances (Burns and Stalker,1961).

Drug Related Problems Free Essays

Medication related issue Drug related issues (DRPs) are predominant and causing significant patient bleakness and mortality. Huge numbers of these DRPs are preventable through after the rules and judicious medication utilized. There are numerous elements controlling the DRP event, for example, quiet age, infection status, sedate qualities, and so forth. We will compose a custom article test on Medication Related Problems or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now High hazard factors 1. Old (gt; 65 years); because old enough related changes in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics 2. Intense ailments, for example, intense renal disappointment, sepsis, etc†¦ 3. Patients with numerous constant infections; diabetes, hypertension, coronary illness, liver issue, AIDS, etc†¦ 4. Patients with renal impedance or haemodialysis 5. Patients in unique circumstances; pregnancy, lactation, 6. Certain infections and their meds: malignant growth, diabetes, cardiovascular breakdown. 7. Polypharmacy (ingested numerous medications gt; 5 medications) 8. Medication; certain medication classes are regularly included e. g. Warfarin, insulin, digoxin, TCAs, etc†¦ Classification of medication related issues 1. Wrong medication decision: Unjustified deviation from the board rules accord restorative can intensify the condition. Deviations that depend on the patient’s singular treatment objective and hazard factors are not viewed as DRPs (e. g. Anti-toxin utilized for viral disease. Furosemide recommended for persistent with hypokalemia). 2. Absence of fundamental medication: Either at least one medications are absent as per built up rules or a clinical issue is being treated with excessively little of the proper medication (under-endorsed) or suitable medications might be not utilized for most extreme adequacy. Additionally, term of treatment might be too short which can prompt deficient treatment. Deviations from rules that depend on the patient’s singular treatment objectives and hazard factors are not viewed as DRPs (e. g. B-blockers in cardiovascular breakdown or post-MI, stop diuretic before edema treated or circle diuretic utilized distinctly for safe edema). 3. Superfluous medication and Duplication: A medication is pointless if the sign is not, at this point present, with continuation/delayed use or twofold remedy of at least two medications from a similar helpful gathering or gives a similar outcome. This escalates their helpful impact and reactions. Duplication additionally can happen when more than one doctor recommends prescriptions to a solitary patient or when a patient assumes control over-the-counter medications with a similar dynamic fixing (e. g. Long haul anti-microbial recommended for basic contamination. Utilized of Ibuprofen and diclofenac correspondingly. 4. Deficient prescription history taking: Inappropriate incorporation of patient’s clinical history can prompt numerous cooperations because of absence of patient’s data, for example, excessive touchiness â€Å"medication allergy†, different maladies, OTC or home grown and medicine utilized (e. g. Tolerant has hypersensitivity to penicillin). 5. Wrong portion or routine: Dosing excessively high (overdose) or too low portion. Imperfect dosing (counting dosing time and definition) as indicated by built up national/universal rules, including recurrence of dosing or length of treatment. Deviations that depend on the patient’s singular treatment objective and hazard factors are not viewed as DRPs (e. g. too high ACE inhibitor portion recommended according to kidney work. Too low paracetamol portion use comparable to indication giving joint inflammation). . Antagonistic medication response (ADR): Any toxic, unintended, and undesired impact of a medication, which happens at dosages in people for prophylaxis, analysis, or treatment (e. g. orthostatic hypotension occurs with circulatory strain bringing down medication or narrow mindedness dry hack because of ACE inhibitor). 7. Collaboration: Drugâ€drug connection, medicate food communication, sedate ailment association, tranq uilize home grown, etc†¦ A cooperation is happening when the impact of a medication is changed by the nearness of another medication, food, drink, home grown or some natural compound operator. Medication mixes with planned generally impact are not viewed as DRP (e. g. Drugâ€drug collaboration; Furosemide and digitalis (expanded impact/harmfulness of digitalis with hypokalemia). Medication food communication; Amiodarone and Grapefruit, Grapefruit and Simvastatin (increment tranquilize serum focuses), or Tetracycline and calcium. Medication illness cooperation; utilized NSAIDs in incessant renal impedance). 8. Suspension of required prescription: Some occasions end of drug without sensible clinical sign can prompt helpful disappointment or an issue in treatment plan. Also, stop a few prescriptions before controlling the ailment or have great checking technique can prompt disappointment in treatment plan (e. g. cease anti-infection before completing its remedial course or stop Heparin infusion previously or just on beginning of Warfarin). 9. Contraindication: the utilized of certain medications are disallowed for certain patients on the grounds that to destructive dangers of utilizing these medications are surpassing the advantages of their impact (e. g. Expert inhibitor utilizes in treating hypertension in a pregnant woman or utilizing sulfa-sedate in G6PD inadequacy patients). 10. Sudden stoppage medicine: for specific meds, unexpected halting can intensify the issue or lead to difficulties identified with tranquilize. The halting procedure ought to be continuously (e. g. unexpectedly halting B-blocker in MI patients or halting Corticosteroid abruptly). 11. Untreated ailments: can prompt intensifying of the sickness or may prompt progressively difficult issues (e. g. untreated dyslipidemia in patients with other hazard factors). 12. Absence of fundamental checking: Monitoring regarding impacts and poisonousness of medications isn't done or doesn't stick to rules (e. . INR for Warfarin. Thyroid capacity tests in patients taking levothyroxine 13. Others: when all is said in done, DRPs that don't have a place with previously mentioned classes. References 1. Bemt P and Egberts A (2007) Drug-related issues: definitions and arrangement. Diary of European Association of emergency clinic Pharmacists (EAHP), 13, pp 62-64. 1. Lee S, Schwemm A, Reist J, Cantrell M, Andre ski M, Doucette W, Chrischilles E and Farris K (2009) Pharmacists’ and drug store students’ capacity to recognize sedate related issues utilizing TIMER (instrument to improve meds in the older by means of audit). American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73, 3, pp 52-62 2. PCNE Classification for tranquilize related issues (2006) Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation. Accessible from World Wide Web: http://www. pcne. organization/dokumenter/DRP/PCNE %20classification%20V5. 01. pdf 2. Ruscin M (2009) Drug-Related Problems in the Elderly. Merck, Available from World Wide Web: http://www. merck. com/mmpe/sec23/ch341/ch341e. html 3. Ruths S, Viktil KK, Blix HS. Order of medication related issues. Tidsskr Nor Leageforen 2007; 127: 3073â€6 Prescription Auditing Sheet Patients Name Age: years Drug related issue: |Inappropriate tranquilize decision |Lack of fundamental medication | |Unnecessary medication and Duplication |Incomplete prescription history taking | |5. Improper portion or routine |6. Antagonistic medication response | |7. Collaboration |8. End of required medicine | |9. Contraindication |10. Sudden stoppage medicine | |11. Untreated ailment |12. Absence of essential checking | |13. Others | Specification of the issue (and mediation assuming any): )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Understanding Resume Age: Sex: Drug Allergies: Medical History †††††††Medication History â€?

Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Risks

Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Risks Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Risks By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 01, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 02, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Aliyev Alexei Sergeevich/Blend Images/Getty Images Rapid cycling is a term used when a person with bipolar disorder experiences four or more mood swings (episodes) within a twelve-month period. An episode may consist of depression, mania, hypomania, or a condition known as a mixed state in which depression and mania are co-occurring. Most people with bipolar disorder will alternate between manic and depressive episodes once or twice a year. Others may only experience this once every few years. However, a small subset of people will undergo what is called rapid cycling in which the mood swings come fast and frequently. Rapid cycling is considered one of the more severe form of bipolar disorder, the condition of which can seriously impair your ability to function as well as your quality of life. Characteristics Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that are random and unpredictable. There is usually no set pattern as to when an episode might occur and what form it may take. In some cases, the episodes may cycle every few months; in others, the cycling may occur monthly or weekly. Rapid cycling is not a diagnosis, but rather a description of the course of the illness. Similarly, the symptoms of rapid cycling are no different than any other form of bipolar disorder. Only the speed by which they alternate is different. We dont know why rapid cycling occurs and whether it will be an ongoing pattern or one that will eventually resolve. While some rapid cyclers will often alternate between depression and hypomania (a less severe form of mania), most cases will be dominated by distinct episodes of depression. The cycling itself can often be hard to recognize, either because an episode was mixed or the hypomania state has become shorter and less obvious. Rapid cycling may, in some cases, be a precursor to more severe manifestations of the disease, including psychosis. This is more often seen in people with bipolar I disorder than the less-severe bipolar II disorder. Risk Factors Statistically speaking, between five percent and 10 percent of people with bipolar disorder will meet the diagnostic criteria for rapid cycling. While scientists ??have yet to pinpoint the cause of the condition, they have identified a number of common risk factors. Among them: Women appear to be at a higher risk than men, which some believe may be attributed to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.People who develop bipolar symptoms in their teens are more likely to become rapid cyclers.A long history of depression is also a common risk factor. Some studies ??have also suggested that the long-term use of antidepressants may contribute. This may explain, in part, why people diagnosed in their teens are at greater risk given that they are more likely to be exposed to antidepressants for many years. Other studies?? suggest that low thyroid function play a part given that rapid cyclers are far more likely to be diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Since the thyroid gland plays a central role in the production of hormones, including those associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), it is likely that hormones contribute, at least in part, to the rapid cycling of moods. Impact on Quality of Life Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder not only places individuals at greater risk of alcohol and substance abuse, but it also increases the likelihood of suicide and self-harm. A 2009 study?? from the University of Barcelona concluded that, as an independent risk factor, rapid cycling was associated with a nearly two-fold increase in the number of suicide attempts compared to non-rapid cyclers. Even if suicide is not part of the picture, rapid cycling will almost certainly undermine a persons quality of life. Most affected will be unable to maintain or commit to a set schedule given the high variability of their mood state. Their job performance will typically suffer, and they may end up being hard to rely on, professionally or personally. Unless there are some means to curtail the mood swings, a rapid cycler will usually find it difficult to get or keep a job. Treatment Options Almost without exception, rapid-cycling bipolar disorder is more difficult to treat than non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. With that being said, much of the focus will be placed on stabilizing the symptoms of depression given that they will usually dominate the picture. By and large, antidepressants such as Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline) have proven ineffective in breaking the cycle and may, in fact, only increase the speed by which they occur. Mood stabilizers have proven far more effective, particularly if they are used in combination with an antipsychotic to manage symptoms of mania/hypomania. If you have not been previously treated for bipolar disorder, you may be placed on lithium in first-line treatment. For all others, Depakote (valproate), Lamictal (lamotrigine), or Tegretol (carbamazepine) would likely be prescribed. To support therapy, the antipsychotics Seroquel (quetiapine) or Zyprexa (olanzapine) may be used. Mood stabilizers may be prescribed indefinitely to prevent future episodes. If antidepressants have been used, they would be stopped as soon as the depressive episode is resolved. Get Support With the Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell If you are being treated for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, it is important to be patient and take it one step at a time. Find the right combination of drugs can be a process of trial and error, and it may take several attempts before your doctor finds the combination thats right for you. Moreover, once treatment is started, it may take several months before you begin to feel the full benefits of therapy. To this end, it is important to seek support, attend support groups, and to continue working with your therapist until you are able to gain better control over your mood swings.